Facets

1974 CE

#7521

Telediagnosis: A new community health resource, Observations on the feasibility of telediagnosis based on 1000 patient transactions.

In 1968 Bird founded and directed the first "telemedicine" system, which linked a medical station at Boston's Logan Airport with doctors at Massachusetts General Hospital, who supplied remote diagnosis, treatment and …

1974 CE

#9487

"A computer-based system for the study and control of drug interactions in hospitalized patients," P. L. Morselli, S. Garattini, and S. N. Cohen, Drug interactions, 363-373.

MEDIPHOR System (Monitoring and Evaluation of Drug Interactions by a Pharmacy-Oriented Reporting System) developed by Cohen, Shortliffe and colleagues at Stanford University Medical School, published as a chapter in t…

1966 CE

#14064

"Fertile" intestine nuclei.

Gurdon and Uehlinger replaced the cell nucleus of frog ova with frog intestinal nuclei to generate tadpoles, some of which became fertile adult male and female frogs. In 2012 the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine …

2016 CE

#12234

A century of telemedicine: Curatio sine distantia et tempora.

345 pages. Available online from isfteh.org at this link.

1982 CE

#7431

A history of the National Library of Medicine: The nation's treasury of medical knowledge.

Digital facsimile from the National Library of Medicine at this link; from the Internet Archive at this link. Chapter XX is "Evolution of Computerized Bibliographies."

1943 CE

#7357

A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity.

This paper described the McCulloch-Pitts neuron, the first mathematical model of a neural network. Digital text available at this link.

1975 CE

#9486

A model of inexact reasoning in medicine.

"MYCIN was an early backward chaining expert system that used artificial intelligence to identify bacteria causing severe infections, such as bacteremia and meningitis, and to recommend antibiotics, with the dosage ad…

1907 CE

#13333

A new method by which sponges may be artificially reared.

In one of the first dissociation-reaggregation experiments Wilson demonstrated that mechanically dissociated sponge cells can reaggregate and self-organize to generate a whole organism. Digital facsimile from zenodo.o…

2018 CE

#10188

A platform for biomedical discovery and data-powered health: Strategic plan 2017-2027. Report of the NLM Board of Regents.

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/plan/lrp17/NLM_StrategicReport2017_2027.html "The strategic plan focuses on three essential, interdependent goals that will help guide the Library’s priorities over the next 10 years…

1962 CE

#256.12

Adult frogs derived from the nuclei of single somatic cells.

Demonstration that somatic and germinal nuclei are genetically equivalent. Using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), Gurdon (Nobel Prize 2012) transplanted cell nuclei from mature intestinal tadpole cells into enucl…

2022 CE

#14027

AlphaFold Protein Structure Database: massively expanding the structural coverage of protein-sequence space with high-accuracy models.

Abstract: "The AlphaFold Protein Structure Database (AlphaFold DB, https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk) is an openly accessible, extensive database of high-accuracy protein-structure predictions. Powered by AlphaFold v2.0 of …

1763 CE

#8370

An essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of chances

Bayes's paper enunciated Bayes's Theorem for calculating "inverse probabilities”—the basis for methods of extracting patterns from data in decision analysis, data mining, statistical learning machines, Bay…

1899 CE

#650

Animals in motion.

1980 CE

#8175

Applications of artificial intelligence for organic chemistry: The Dendral project.

2019 CE

#11400

Artificial intelligence in medicine: Weighing the accomplishments, hype and promise.

2002 CE

#10238

BioDigital.

https://www.biodigital.com/ "The Word's First Human Visualization Platform: Anatomy, Disease & Treatments— all in interactive 3D. Web, Mobile and Augmented Reality "the virtual body as the health equivalent of G…

2006 CE

#8801

Biotech: The countercultural foundations of an industry.

2019 CE

#12407

Can artificial intelligence reliably report chest x-rays? Radiologist validation of an algorithm trained on 2.3 million x-rays.

"Background: Chest X-rays are the most commonly performed, cost-effective diagnostic imaging tests ordered by physicians. A clinically validated AI system that can reliably separate normals from abnormals can be inval…

2017 CE

#10555

Cancer, radiation therapy, and the market.

2018 CE

#14146

Cloning of Macaque monkeys by somatic cell nuclear transfer.

The authors at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Shanghai reported the first cloning of a non-human primate. Full text available from cell.com at this link. Order of authorship in the original publication: Liu, Cai..…

1969 CE

#10611

Computerized mapping of disease and environmental data. A report of the Mapping of Disease (MOD) Project.

This appears to be the earliest monograph on computerized disease mapping. At the time the research was conducted both computer graphics processing and data output in mainframe computers were inadequate for drawing al…

1974 CE

#6909

Computerized transaxial x-ray tomography of the human body.

Ledley and team developed the developed the ACTA 0100 CT Scanner (Automatic Computerized Traverse Axial)— the first whole-body computed tomography scanner. With G. Di Chiro, A. J. Luessenhop, and H.L. Twigg. For…

1973 CE

#2700.4

Computerized transverse axial scanning (tomography).

Hounsfield invented computer-assisted tomography (CAT), or computed tomography (CT). In 1979 Hounsfield shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Allen M. Cormack "for the development of computer assisted …

1965 CE

#8834

Computers in biomedical research. Edited by Ralph W. Stacy and Bruce Waxman. 2 vols.

Section A, Chapter 2: "New mathematical methods in the life sciences" by George B. Dantzig. Section D, Chapter 12: "The application of computers to electroencephalography" by Mary A. B. Brazier. Section E, Chapter 13:…

1973 CE

#257.5

Construction of biologically functional bacterial plasmids in vitro.

Cohen, Boyer and associates developed the first practical method for cloning genes, by the formation of recombinant plasmids which can be used to infect plasmid-free bacteria. The authors demonstrated that if DNA is f…

2007 CE

#7881

Culturing life: How cells became technologies.

A history of tissue culture.

1963 CE

#12427

Cytological demonstration of the clonal nature of spleen colonies derived from transplanted mouse marrow cells.

McCulloch and Till discovered the blood-forming stem cell, the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC), through their pioneering work in mice. McCulloch and Till began a series of experiments in which bone marrow cells were inj…

1909 CE

#12426

Der Lymphozyt als gemeinsame Stammzelle der verschiedenen Blutelemente in der embryonalen Entwicklung und im postfetalen Leben der Säugetiere.

Maximow developed and introduced a unitarian theory of hematopoiesis, a theory upon which the modern concept of blood cells' origin and differentiation is based. He introduced the term "stem cell." Translated into Eng…

1998 CE

#13977

Derivation of pluripotent stem cells from cultured human primordial germ cells.

Order of authorship in the original publication: Shamblott, Axelman,... Gearheart. Gearheart led the team that successfully developed human embryonic germ cells, pluripotent stem cells derived from primordial germ cel…

2013 CE

#10564

Design for information: An introduction to the histories, theories, and best practices behind effective information visualizations.

Visually splendid; includes frequent comparisons of modern computer representations with historical examples.

2003 CE

#14300

Design of a novel globular protein fold with atomic-level accuracy.

Called, "the breakthrough in computational de novo protein design." This was the proof of concept paper that computers and AI could be used to predict protein structures accurately and much faster than with convention…

2007 CE

#7994

Development of the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System (MEDLARS).

Digital version from PubMedCentral at this link.

1998 CE

#13286

Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts.

Thomson and collaborators first isolated embryonic stem cells from human blastocysts. Order of authorship in original publication: Thomson, Itskovitz-Eldor, Shapiro et al. Available online from science.sciencemag.org …

1981 CE

#13285

Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos.

Evans and Kauffman were the first to identify, isolate and successfully culture embryonic stem cells using mouse blastocysts. This discovery opened the doors to the creation of “murine genetic models” -- m…

1968 CE

#7948

Evaluation of the MEDLARS demand search service.

The first large-scale evaluation of a "major operating information system." A detailed analysis of the performance of the Medical Literature and Analysis System (MEDLARS) in relation to 300 actual "demand search" requ…

1977 CE

#10964

Expression in Escherichia coli of a chemically synthesized gene for the hormone somatostatin.

Order of authorship in the original paper: Itakura, Hirose, Crea..., Bolivar, Boyer. Synthesis of the gene for somatostatin (growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH). This was the first demonstration of a foreign gene…

1979 CE

#13980

Expression in Escherichia coli of chemically synthesized genes for human insulin (plasmid construction / lac operon / fused proteins / radioimmunoassay / peptide purification).

Working at Genentech, Kleid and Goeddel and colleagues were the first scientists to apply genetic engineering techniques, incorporating chemically synthesized DNA encoding human insulin into E. coli, that expressed, a…

1983 CE

#13989

Expression of chimaeric genes transferred into plant cells using a Ti-plasmid-derived vector.

Schell and Montagu discovered the gene transfer mechanism between Agrobacterium and plants, which resulted in the development of methods to alter Agrobacterium into an efficient delivery system for gene engineering in…

2012 CE

#12751

Eyewire: A game to map the brain.

https://eyewire.org/explore Eyewire is a game to map the brain from Sebastian Seung's Lab at Princeton University. This citizen science human-based computation game challenges players to map retinal neurons. Eyewire l…

1986 CE

#13990

Fluorescence detection in automated DNA sequence analysis.

Invention of the first semi-automated DNA sequencing machine by Leroy H. Hood, Lloyd M. Smith and colleagues. Abstract of the paper: "We have developed a method for the partial automation of DNA sequence analysis. Flu…

2011 CE

#8673

Genentech: The beginnings of biotech.

1974 CE

#10963

Genome construction between bacterial species in vitro: Replication and expression of staphylococcus plasmid genes in Escherichia coli.

Confirmation of the success of methods outlined in No. 257.5. Abstract: "Genes carried by EcoRI endonuclease-generated fragments of Staphylococcus plasmid DNA have been covalently joined to the E. coli antibiotic-resi…

2021 CE

#14026

Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold.

Abstract: "Proteins are essential to life, and understanding their structure can facilitate a mechanistic understanding of their function. Through an enormous experimental effort1,2,3,4, the structures of around 100,0…

2009 CE

#7523

History of telemedicine: Evolution, context, and transformation.

1964 CE

#8174

HPP-64-1 DENDRAL-64-A system for computer construction, enumeration and notation of organic molecules as three structures and cyclic graphs. Interim report to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, December 15, (1964).

DENDRAL is considered the first expert system because it automated the decision-making process and problem-solving behavior of organic chemists. The project consisted of research on two main programs, Heuristic Dendra…

2020 CE

#13106

Improved protein structure prediction using potentials from deep learning.

Order of authorship in the original paper: Senior, Evans, Jumper. ABSTRACT: "Protein structure prediction can be used to determine the three-dimensional shape of a protein from its amino acid sequence. This problem is…

2007 CE

#14063

Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors.

Yamanaka (Nobel Prize 2012) and colleagues demonstrated the generation of Induced Pluripotent Stems Cells (iPS) from adult human dermal fibroblasts with the same 4 mice factors they used in GM 13287. By overexpressing…

2006 CE

#13287

Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors.

Takahashi and Yamanaka reprogrammed mice fibroblast cells, which can produce only other fibroblast cells, to become pluripotent stem cells, which have the capacity to produce many different types of cells. This they a…

1978 CE

#13969

Inhibition of Rous sarcoma virus replication and cell transformation by a specific oligodeoxynucleotide (tridecamer deoxyribonucleotide/hybridization competitor/hybridon).

Zamecnick and Stephenson reported the first example of specific inhibition of gene expression by an oligonucleotide when they demonstrated that a short oligonucleotide inhibited Rous sarcoma virus replication in cell …

1981 CE

#13961

Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells (embryonic stem cells/inner cell masses/differentiation in vitro/embryonal carcinoma cells/growth factors) .

Martin used a different approach that avoided in vivo alteration. She reasoned that an ES cell line might be obtained by culturing cells isolated from blastocysts in a medium that had previously been conditioned by an…